Have you ever wondered where the periodic table ends? Scientists are pushing the boundaries by studying superheavy elements beyond uranium (element 92), which can only be created in labs. A recent study sheds light on the structure of these exotic elements. The key lies in nuclear radii. Using laser spectroscopy, researchers measured the size of the nucleus in various isotopes (versions) of fermium (element 100) and nobelium (element 102) with different numbers of neutrons.
The results surprised them. Unlike lighter elements, where the nuclear radius exhibits a “kink” when specific neutron levels are filled (shell closures), the trend in superheavy elements was smooth. This suggests that the influence of individual neutrons on the overall nuclear shape diminishes as we reach the extremes of the periodic table. The nuclei behave more like a deformed liquid drop than a tightly packed structure.
Researchers used lasers to probe the atoms and measure their atomic hyperfine structure. This involved isolating specific nobelium isotopes, ionizing them with lasers, and identifying them through their unique radioactive decay patterns.
This research builds upon earlier work by Professor Cheal, where they first achieved laser spectroscopy on nobelium in 2016. Since then, the team has gained insights into the nuclear structure and the atomic properties of these elements, including the ionization potential (the energy required to remove an electron).
This study is a significant step forward in understanding the behavior of matter at the limits of existence. By combining laser techniques with advanced radioactive isotope production methods, scientists are not only expanding the periodic table but also revealing new facets of nuclear physics and atomic structure.
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